Aspects of leadership mentioned in articles by categories
| Leadership characteristics | |||||||||||
| Human traits, behaviour and emotional intelligence | Management skills and decision-making | Team working, collaboration and empowerment | Responsiveness and preparedness | Communication skills and stakeholder engagement | Evidence-based approach and innovation | ||||||
| Empathy | 6 | Decision-making | 8 | Collaboration | 5 | Adapt according to the situation | 7 | Clear communication | 10 | Evidence-based decision-making | 6 |
| Honesty and truthfulness in relationships | 3 | Organisation | 3 | Accountability | 3 | Resilience | 4 | Transparency | 6 | Technological skills | 2 |
| Compassion | 2 | Planning | 3 | Empowerment | 3 | Act fast | 3 | Advocacy | 2 | Avoidance of dogmatism | 1 |
| Emotional intelligence and psychological safety | 2 | Adherence to rules | 2 | Team building | 3 | Creating strategies | 3 | Risk communication | 2 | Digital access to information | 1 |
| Attention to psychological well-being | 2 | Influencing policies | 2 | Shared decision-making/leadership | 2 | Integrative and systematic thinking skills | 3 | Crisis communication | 2 | Epidemiology approach | 1 |
| Emotional effectiveness | 2 | Prepare | 2 | Autocratic leadership* | 1 | Pragmatism | 2 | Consistency | 1 | Guiding ideation | 1 |
| Equity and values | 2 | Analytical reasoning | 1 | Authoritarian leadership | 1 | Acknowledging uncertainty | 1 | Credibility | 1 | High educational level | 1 |
| Sense-making and sense-giving | 2 | Claiming power | 1 | Building and maintaining trust | 1 | Agility | 1 | Dissemination of information | 1 | Innovative drive | 1 |
| Aspiration | 1 | Control | 1 | Capacity building | 1 | Critical thinking skills | 1 | Flexible and open communication | 1 | Learning orientation | 1 |
| Calm and optimism | 1 | Creating a group with diversity of skills | 1 | Provide direction | 1 | Frequency | 1 | Locus of causations | 1 | ||
| Charisma | 1 | Disciplined action | 1 | Creating a high-performance team | 1 | Rapid skills acquisition | 1 | Give meaning to citizens | 1 | Mistrust of science* | 1 |
| Compassionate leadership | 1 | Forward thinking | 1 | Focus on workers | 1 | Time frame orientation | 1 | Interdisciplinarity | 1 | Understanding organisation linkages | 1 |
| Concern for emotional stress | 1 | Inconsistent policy position* | 1 | Inclusiveness in decision-making process | 1 | Networking | 1 | ||||
| Courage | 1 | Management at federal level* | 1 | Inspire | 1 | Specificity | 1 | ||||
| Humanity | 1 | Situation awareness | 1 | Lack of coordination* | 1 | Team communication | 1 | ||||
| Integrity and credibility | 1 | Unpredictable behaviour* | 1 | Make collaborators feel valuable | 1 | Trustworthiness | 1 | ||||
| Listening | 1 | ||||||||||
| Physical presence | 1 | ||||||||||
| Psychological stability | 1 | ||||||||||
| Servant leadership | 1 | ||||||||||
| Use of emotions | 1 | ||||||||||
| Visibility | 1 | ||||||||||
| Total and related citation frequency† | 22 (35) | 15 (29) | 16 (27) | 12 (28) | 16 (33) | 12 (18) | |||||
*Items underline a negative aspect.
†We found 93 (22+15+16+12+16+12) characteristics that are cited a total of 170 times, as the same may be reported in different studies.